Exponential Decay and Percent Change

Exponential Decay and Percent Change When an original amount is reduced by a consistent rate over a period of time, exponential decay is happening. Here is an explanation of how to work a consistent rate problem or calculate the decay factor. The key to understanding the decay factor is learning about percent change. Here’s an exponential decay function:    y a(1-b)x y: Final amount remaining after the decay over a period of timea: The original amountx: TimeThe decay factor is (1-b).The variable, b, is percent change in decimal form. Because this is an exponential decay factor, this article focuses on percent decrease. Three Ways to Find Percent Decrease The percent decrease is mentioned in the story.The percent decrease is expressed in a function.The percent decrease is hidden in a set of data. 1. The percent decrease is mentioned in the story. Example: The country of Greece is experiencing tremendous financial strain. They owe more money than they can repay. As a result, the Greek government is trying to reduce how much it spends. Imagine that an expert has told Greek leaders that they must cut spending by 20%. What is the percent decrease, b, of Greece’s spending?   20% What is the decay factor of Greece’s spending?Decay factor: (1 –b)   (1 - .20) (.80) 2. The percent decrease is expressed in a function. Example:   As Greece reduces its government spending, experts predict that the country’s debt will decline. Imagine if the country’s annual debt could be modeled by this function:   y 500(1-.30)x, where y is in billions of dollars, and x represents the number of years since 2009 What is the percent decrease, b, of Greece’s annual debt? 30% What is the decay factor of Greece’s annual debt?Decay factor: (1 –b) (1 - .30) .70 3. The percent decrease is hidden in a set of data. Example:   After Greece reduces government services and salaries, imagine that this data details the country’s projected annual debt. Greece’s Annual Debt 2009: $500 Billion2010: $475 Billion2011:   $451.25 Billion2012: $428.69 Billion How to Calculate Percent Decrease A. Pick 2 consecutive years to compare: 2009:   $500 Billion; 2010:   $475 Billion B. Use this formula: Percent decrease   (older– newer)/older: (500 Billion – 475 billion)/500 billion .05 or 5% C. Check for consistency. Pick 2 other consecutive years: 2011: $451.25 Billion; 2012: $428.69 Billion (451.25 – 428.69)/451.25 is approximately .05 or 5% Percent Decrease in Real Life: Politicians Balk at Salt Salt is the glitter of American  spice racks. Glitter transforms construction paper and crude drawings into cherished Mother’s Day cards; salt transforms otherwise bland foods into national favorites. The abundance of salt in potato chips, popcorn, and pot pie mesmerizes the taste buds. Unfortunately, too much flavor and bling can ruin a good thing. In the hands of heavy-handed adults, excess salt can lead to high blood pressure, heart attacks, and strokes. Recently, a lawmaker announced legislation that will force us in the land of the free and the brave to cut back on the salt that we crave. What if the salt reduction law passed, and we consumed less of the white stuff? Suppose that each year, restaurants will be mandated to decrease sodium levels by 2.5% annually, beginning in 2011. The predicted decline in heart attacks can be described by the following function:   y 10,000,000(1-.10)x , where y represents the annual number of heart attacks after x years. Apparently, the legislation will be worth its salt. Americans will be afflicted with fewer strokes. Here are my fictional projections for annual strokes in America: 2010: 7,000,000 strokes2011: 6,650,000 strokes2012: 6,317,500 strokes2013: 6,001,625 strokes (Note:  The numbers were made up to illustrate the math calculation! Please contact your local salt expert or cardiologist for real data.) Questions 1. What is the mandated percent decrease in salt consumption in restaurants? Answer: 2.5%Explanation:   Be careful, three different things   sodium levels, heart attacks, and strokes are predicted to decrease. Each year, restaurants will be mandated to decrease sodium levels by 2.5% annually, beginning in 2011. 2. What is the mandated decay factor for salt consumption in restaurants? Answer: .975Explanation: Decay factor: (1 -  b) (1-.025) .975 3. Based on predictions, what will be the percent decrease for annual heart attacks? Answer:   10%Explanation:   The predicted decline in heart attacks can be described by the following function:   y   10,000,000(1-.10)x  , where  y  represents the annual number of heart attacks after  x  years. 4. Based on predictions, what will be the decay factor for annual heart attacks? Answer: 0.90Explanation: Decay factor: (1 -  b) (1 - 0.10) 0.90 5. Based on these fictional projections, what will be the percent decrease for strokes in America? Answer:   5%Explanation: A. Choose data for 2 consecutive years:   2010: 7,000,000 strokes; 2011: 6,650,000 strokes B. Use this formula:   Percent decrease (older – newer)  / older (7,000,000 – 6,650,000)/7,000,000 .05 or 5% C. Check for consistency and choose data for another set of consecutive years: 2012: 6,317,500 strokes; 2013: 6,001,625 strokes Percent decrease   (older – newer)  / older (6,317,500 – 6,001,625)/6,001,625 approximately .05 or 5% 6. Based on these fictional projections, what will be the decay factor for strokes in the America? Answer: 0.95Explanation: Decay factor: (1 -  b) (1  - 0.05) 0.95 Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Ban on Tobacco Essays

Ban on Tobacco Essays Ban on Tobacco Essay Ban on Tobacco Essay Essay Topic: Equus Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India: Introduction On Feb 6, 2001 Government of India (GOI) dropped a bombshell on the tobacco Industry when it announced that it would shortly table a bill banning Tobacco Companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective of such a ban was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products and also arm the Government with powers to launch an anti-Tobacco Program. This decision seemed to have sparked an intense debate, not just over the ethical aspects of Governments moral policing but also over the achievability of the objective itself. Reacting strongly against the proposed ban, Suhel Seth, CEO, Equus Advertising said, The ban does not have teeth. It is a typical knee-jerk reaction by any Government to create some kind of popularity for itself. The Legislation has not been thought thorough. In its reaction to the GOIs decision, ITC Ltd1. announced that it would voluntarily withdraw from all of the sponsorship events, irrespective of the legal position on the subject. In a statement it said, ITC believes that this action on its part will create the right climate for a constructive dialogue that will help develop appropriate content, rules regulations to make the intended legislation equitable and implementable. The complexity of the issue was that, the issue involved the tussle between the ethical and commercial considerations. On the one hand, was tobacco, the most dangerous consumer product known, which killed when used as the makers intended. Therefore from an ethical standpoint, the Government had to discourage the habit, as it was responsible for the welfare of its citizens. On the other hand, the tobacco Industry was a major contributor to the State Exchequer (In the Year 2000-01 it contributed about Rs. 8000 crores in excise revenue) which was extremely important, given the financial crunch which it faced. In the light of the above statements, what approach should the government choose-the ethical or commercial and is it proper for government to interfere in matters of personal choice in the first place? To make the matter more complex, there was the question- was the objective achievable at all and was it equitable? The answers to these questions lay in understanding the viewpoints of both sides-those in favour and those against such bans. The Ayes The ban was not unusual keeping in view the international precedents. Countries like France, Finland, and Norway had already imposed similar bans. Advocates of free choice opposed to these bans, saying these amounted to unwarranted intrusion by the state in the private lives of its citizens. But, others pointed out that the state had the right to intervene in the overall interest of the citizens. They cited the example of drugs like cocaine, which was, banned the world over. In 1981, the Supreme Court (of Appeal) in Belgium gave its ruling that a ban on tobacco advertising was not unconstitutional. In 1991 the French Constitutional Council declared that the French ban on advertising tobacco products was not unconstitutional as it was based on the need to protect public health and did not curtail the freedom of trade. There were many precedents of restrictions being imposed on the advertising of dangerous or potentially dangerous products even if these products remained in the market (e. g. firearms, pharmaceutical Products).

Corporate Governance and Global Financial Ethics Essay

Corporate Governance and Global Financial Ethics - Essay Example By conducting a thorough review of the organisation’s management, through the examination of performance, records and statements; auditing allows for identification of pitfalls and their consequent rectification thereby facilitating maximization of shareholder’s value. Auditing usually occurs at the internal and external levels. The internal audit is conducted by an audit team that is part of the organisation, which reports to senior management team of the organisation. External auditors on the other hand report to the organisation’s shareholders with the main purpose being to improve the validity and reliability of the internal audit outcomes. Internal audit serves just as an important function to the shareholders as external auditing does. The process identifies organisational outcomes thereby facilitating the development of a framework and mechanisms through which organisational processes can be restructured and made more effective to facilitate the attainment of organisational objectives. However, in order to achieve this goal, the internal audit process must itself be an effective one. The effectiveness of internal auditing can be maintained by adhering to particular codes of conduct. One of the most important factors for effective auditing is that it must be independent from the activities and operations that it evaluates (CIIA, 2014). The CIIA prescribes that to facilitate the independence of the internal auditing team; the chief internal auditor should serve at a senior capacity within the organisation (2013). Such a position furnishes him/her with the standing and authority to challenge the executive. Moreover, th e CIIA further contends that the audit team should have access to all managerial decision-making forums (2013). The independence of the internal audit team is facilitated by the recruitment of independent individuals. Such

Hospital in Ireland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hospital in Ireland - Essay Example Employees miss work for various reasons majority of which are legitimate and others not, but the major reason noted among many hospitals is the reduction in morale (Independent 2014). This is evident in Tullamore Regional Hospital where the morale level is described to be at an all-time low (RTE 2013). This reduction in morale level is said to have been as a result of the HSE threat to close the Throat, Nose and Ear Ward and the cutback of some services and equipment. Medical experts have greatly warned on the impact that is said to  rise from low morale and increase in stress levels among doctors and other health care practitioners (Offaly Independent 2007) The HSE has embarked on a process of motivating the employees and reduce the absenteeism rate by hiring motivational coaches to give a boost to the senior managers’ morale (RTE 2013). This move has is set to support HSE’s succession managements strategy, and they are said to be vitally important in addressing the significant confronts facing the Executive. In reference to the documents published by the HSE, the persons offering the coaching services are required to promote talent growth and increase in leadership teams (Offaly Independent 2007). Forbes. 2013.  The Causes And Costs Of Absenteeism In The Workplace. [online] Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/investopedia/2013/07/10/the-causes-and-costs-of-absenteeism-in-the-workplace/ [Accessed: 14 Mar 2014]. Independent.ie. 2014.  HSE hires motivational coaches to give senior managers ‘morale boost’ - Independent.ie. [online] Available at: http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/hse-hires-motivational-coaches-to-give-senior-managers-morale-boost-28944593.html [Accessed: 14 Mar 2014]. Offaly Independent. 2007.  Morale among nurses at an all-time low - News - - Articles - Offaly Independent. [online] Available at:

The Hidden Christians Essay Example for Free

The Hidden Christians Essay The Portuguese Catholic Missionaries introduced Christianity in Japan in the 16th century. After its introduction the religion experienced unprecedented growth for about fifty years when the Tokugawa government under Hideyoshi, issued a decree outlawing the religion in 1614. This was because he was alarmed by the colonization and conversion of Philippines (Japan’s neighbor) by Spain. The edict led to the expulsion of the Christian missionaries from Japan. About 150,000 natives who had converted to Christianity went underground and continued to practice their faith secretly, they are known as the â€Å"Hidden Christians† because of their secretive nature. There followed widespread repression of the Christians who numbered about 750,000. Great repression was witnessed in the southern fringes of Japan where about 6,000 Christians were killed. The repression was to continue for almost 300 hundred years until the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853 when the persecutions eased. In 1873 Christianity was legalized in Japan. Missionaries returned again in the late 19th century in the southern islands of Japan that are remote to coax about 50,000 of the hidden Christians to come out in the open. After the isolation ended some of the hidden Christians continued to practice the secretive belief that had been handed down to them by their ancestors. There are some of the hidden Christians today in Japan. The belief and practices entail the existence of three persons who are responsible for leading various ceremonies, conducting of baptisms, and helping out in ceremonies including maintaining some level of contact between the members. Four fundamental issues that include Polytheism, Present gain, ancestor worship and ritualism on the other hand characterize the belief system. Today the faith of the hidden Christians is facing one of its greatest challenges. Instead of the persecutors of yester years the faith is facing indifference especially from the young generation who lack the time to learn the ancient chants. Works Cited Ann m. Harrington: Japans Hidden Christians Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1993. P12-14 Miyazaki Kentaro: Hidden Christians in contemporary Nagasaki: Retrieved on 24th April from http://www. uwosh. edu/faculty_staff/earns/miyazaki. html Turnbull,Stephen: The Kakure Kirishitan of Japan. Japan Library. Curzon Press. 1998 12-14 Thelle, Notto R.: Buddhism and Christianity in Japan: From conflict to dialogue: 1854 1899. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1987 34-35 New York Times Article: Lack of Oppression Hurts Christianity in Japan: Apr. 3, 1997 James Brooke: Once Banned, Christianity Withers in an Old Stronghold: Ikitsuki Journal; December 25, 2003 Retrieved on 24th April from http://query. nytimes. com/gst/fullpage. html? res=9B02EFDC163EF936A15751C1A9659C8B63 www. reuters. com/article/lifestyleMolt/idUST14106220071219: Japans Hidden Christians face extinction: Article dated19 Dec 2007:Retrieved on 24th April 2008

International business Policy

International business Policy INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS POLICY Question: Porters note that â€Å"firms, not individual nation , compete in international market†. How does this statement help to explain some of the major challenges facing MNEs? How do the determinants of national competitive advantage help explain how companies can maintain their economic competitiveness? Answer: International business is a exchanging goods and services , conducted between individuals and businesses in multiple countries. Historically, international business activity first took the form of exporting and importing. Exporting is the selling of product ,goods or services supplied from ones own country for use in other countries . Importing is the buying of products ,goods or services made in other countries for use in ones own country. Exporting and importing activities are often divided into two groups. first, trade in goods ,that is, tangible product such as clothing, computers , and raw materials. Second, Trade in services, that is ,intangible products such as banking , travel and accounting activities http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/international-business.html International business activity can also take others forms . * Licensing * Franchising * Management contract * International business Licensing is a contractual arrangement In which a firm in one country licenses the use of its intellectual property for e.g. patents, trademark, brand name , copyrights or trade secrets to a firm in a second country in return for a royalty payment Franchising , a specialized form of licensing ,occurs when a firm in one country authorized a firm in a second country to utilize its operating system s as well as its brand name ,trademarks , and logos in return for a royalty payment. For example , McDonalds corporation franchise its fast food restaurant world wide . A Management contract is an arrangement wherein a firm is one country agrees to operate facilities or provide other management services to a firm in another countries for agreed upon fees. For example hotel industries. International business as any organization that engages in a cross-border commercial transaction with individuals ,private firms or public sector organization A firm is a commercial partnership of two or more person , especially, when unincorporated. Also the name or designation under which a company transacts business. Any business , sole proprietorship, partnership or a corporation The term multinational entrepreneurs is used to identify firms that have extensive involvement in international business. An another definition of multinational corporation is a firm that â€Å"engaged in foreign direct investment an owns and controls value-adding activities in more than one country† MNEs generally coordinate their activities from a central headquarters but may also allow their affiliates or subsidiaries in foreign markets considerable latitude in adjusting their operation to local circumstances. Some MNEs , such as accounting partnership and Lloyds of London, are not true corporation, Some writers distinguish between multinational corporations and multinational enterprises . Further , not for profit organization ,such as the IOC and the International red cross , are not true enterprises ,so the term multinational organization can be used when one wants to refer to both for not for profit-seeking organization. Because of the common use of multinational corpora tion in the business press, however , Multinational enterprises facing a major challenges , Some of them are as under: †¢ Economics and Currency conversion †¢ Legal systems or Types of system †¢ Culture †¢ Availability of resources †¢ Market withdrawal Government policy †¢ Political legal environment and Government Power In a domestic business strategy, a single country at a specified level of Economic development in a focus of the firms entrepreneurial efforts. The entire country is almost always organized as a single economic system and has the same currency. Creating a business for a multicounty are means dealing with differences in level of economic development, currency valuation government regulation and banking, venture capital and marketing system. One of the biggest problems entrepreneurs have is raising capital. The amount of private equity capital investment varies greatly by the area of the world, and the amount available is significantly less elsewhere than the united state. In addition, the countries may use different currencies, forcing at least one party to convert its currency for another. So MNEs face currency exchange problem. The legal systems may vary or even be in compatible. In different countries used there own system of business. Like many such barter system or third party ar rangement have been used to increase the amount of business activity of the former U.S.S.R. and Eastern and central European countries, as well as other countries in various stages of development and transition .The cultures may differ and the resources may vary. Culture is encompasses a wide variety of elements ,including a language, social situation, religions ,political philosophy, economic philosophy education, and manners and customs. The availability of resources ,For example, one country may be rich in natural resources, but poor in skilled labor. Also e.g. U K, U S A , AND CANADA are well developed in technologically than developing countries like Africa , India, Pakistan Still, the basic skills and knowledge needed to be successful are generally similar whether one is doing business domestically or internationally. Tax competition countries and sometimes sub national regions must compete against each other for the establishment of MNEs facilitates, and the subsequent Tax revenue- a tax is a financial charge upon an individual or legal entity by a state such that failure to pay is punishable by law, employment ,and economic activity. To compete, countries and regional political districts sometimes offer Incentives is a any financial or non-financial factor that motivate a particular course of work to MNEs such as tax breaks, pledges of government assistance or glowed infrastructure and labor standards enforcement. Foreign direct Investment Foreign direct investment made for the purpose of actively controlling property ,assets or companies located in host countries, such as factories, building, machinery, land and mines, grow up of foreign direct investment can be used as one of improvement of economic globalization. Map below show net inflow of foreign direct investment as a percentage of gros s domestic product. The big flows of foreign direct investment occurs between the industrialized countries like, western Europe and Japan, North America. But flow to non-industrialized countries are grows up sharply. Market withdrawal-government policy- Multinational enterprises having a significant impact on government policy because of its size, basically through the threat of market withdrawal, for example , in order to reduce healthcare costs, some countries have tried to force pharmaceutical companies to license their patented drugs to local competitors for a very low fee, so automatically lowering the price ,when faced with the threats multinational pharmaceutical firm have simply withdrawn from the market. Political-legal environment- the multiplicity of political and legal environments in the international market creates vastly different business problem, opening some market opportunities for entrepreneurs and eliminating others. for example , U S environmental standards have eliminated the possibility of entrepreneur establishing ventures to imports several models of Europeans cars. It also involves the price fluctuations and significant increases in oil and other energy products in the last few years. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multinational_corporation Determinants of nation competitive advantages Michael Porter tried to explain why a nation achieves international success in a particular industry and identified four attributes that promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage: Factor endowments Demand conditions Relating and supporting industries Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry Factor endowments refer to a nations position in factors of production necessary to compete in a given industry. A nations position in factors of production can lead to competitive advantage. These factors can be either basic (natural resources, climate, location) or advanced .(skilled labor, infrastructure, technological know-how) Demand conditions refer to the nature of home demand for the industrys product or service. The nature of home demand for the industrys product or service influences the development of capabilities. Sophisticated and demanding customers pressure firms to be competitive. Relating and supporting industries refer to the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. The presence supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive can spill over and contribute to other industries. Successful industries tend to be grouped in clusters in countries having world class manufacturers of semi-conductor processing equipment can lead to (and be a result of having) a competitive semi-conductor industry Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry refers to the conditions governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry The conditions in the nation governing how companies are created, organized, and managed, and the nature of domestic rivalry impacts firm competitiveness. Different management ideologies affect the development of national competitive advantage Vigorous domestic rivalry creates pressures to innovate, to improve quality, to reduce costs, and to invest in upgrading advanced features Government policy can: affect demand through product standards influence rivalry through regulation and antitrust laws impact the availability of highly educated workers and advanced transportation infrastructure. The four attributes, government policy, and chance work as a reinforcing system, complementing each other and in combination creating the conditions appropriate for competitive advantage

Four Theoretical Approaches to Metaphysics Essay

There are four theoretical approaches to the metaphysics and they include Dualism and the theory that what exists on can do so on two levels the physical or the mental. The next approach is Materialism which theorizes that everything exists on a physical level. Then there is the Idealism approach which states that everything that exists is mental or spiritual. Finally, there is Alternative Views which theorizes that what exists in neither mental nor spiritual but believed that what exists is both, which means that what exists is neutral. In the Materialism theory of metaphysics it is said that everything is made of some kind of structure that are now called atoms. These atoms are governed entirely by physical laws and are thought to make up everything that we know and see. There were and are still many men in the scientific community that feel this way, but the most pronounced one was named Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes implied â€Å"clearly that all things are made of material particles and that all change reduces to motion. † (cite) His theory states that everything is matter in motion to include an individual’s thought process. Hobbes goes into detail about how this process works and called it perception or sense. His way of describing it is the fact that things have different properties and that the properties do not really exist. The properties of an object are based on what we perceive them to be. We perceive a rose to be beautiful, smell nice, and have red pedals. Those properties according to Hobbes are all based on perception and the rose does not actually have any of these traits. â€Å"The things that really are in the world outside us are those motions by which these seemings are caused. (cite) Hobbes describes perception as motion from the outside effects the motion of the inside of a person. The motion on the outside affected the motion on the inside and leaves a lasting effect after the motion is complete or dispersed then the motion that remains behind on the inside is left as a memory. The motion that is still on the inside is a perception and in turn is the root cause for thinking, imagination, and memory. As humans we describe this reaction by assigning words to these perceptions and Hobbes labeled that as reasoning. The way that people reason is nothing sort of â€Å"adding and subtracting of the consequences of general names. † (cite) The easiest way that this can be explained would be to refer it to a computer. The hard drive is considered as the movement on the inside and the keyboard and mouse as the outside. The hard drive is made up of a disk and magnet and works by taking the disc and spinning is around at a rapid pace. Next the magnet is moved around to encode the data to the hard drive. This whole process is done through movement and if stationary there is nothing that can be done to retrieve or store information. First to store or retrieve information an external source of movement needs to happen. Movement from the outside was represented as a keyboard and mouse. The keyboard and mouse which is movement from the outside affects the hard drive which is the movement from the inside and vice versa. Now that movement has been represented the reasoning of information needs to be considered. Now we understand what movement effect movement means we can now address the fact of reasoning and perception. All of the information that the computer takes in needs to go somewhere and needs to be retrieved again. The computer makes sense of all the data by assigning numbers to all of the data so that it can be retrieved again. This aspect would be considered our perception which is reasoning which as Hobbes stated before is our thinking, memory, and imagination. Now some people would argue that Hobbes theory does not take into accounts decision making and other voluntary actions, but he does go into detail about how that process works. Hobbes addresses the finer points of the decision process by stating that every decision or movement starts of as an â€Å"endeavor† which was caused by perception. He then breaks it down even into two groups consisting of desire and aversion. When the endeavor is toward something then it is considered a desire and when it is away it is considered an aversion. We associate desire and aversion with words like love and hate or good and bad. So according to Hobbes the basic principle of our decision making is like a magnet. Let’s look at the magnet that is in the computer and affects the hard drive. Sometimes data can be corrupted and the information will not take to the hard drive. The process of corrupt data being entered from the outside can be considered as an aversion. Now any information that the system lets in can be considers as desire. If that did not make sense then lets look at a magnet in general. A magnet has a positive and a negative side. Anything that is attracted to the positive side can be considered a desire and anything that is repelled by the negative side can be considered an aversion. In the recent years there has been some advancements in technology that allows us to uncover the mysteries of the universe. Scientists have found matter that is smaller than atoms and they are calling them subatomic particles. It has been discovered that these particles make up every aspect of the universe and are comprised of some type of energy that is connected with everything else. After this discovery a lot of scientists are rattled about their theory and if Materialism is really the right type of metaphysical theory to go with. However, this does not completely rule this theory out it just seems like that needs to some changes or tweaks to the way that we think about Materialism.

Moral Theory of Kant Essay

Immanuel Kant is a German deontologist in the eighteenth century. He believed that the only test of whether a decision is right or wrong is whether it could be applied to everyone. Would it be all right for everyone to do what you are doing? If not, your decision is wrong. Kant sees that people ought not to be used, but ought to be regarded as having the highest intrinsic value. From here, I see that Kant believes that the intrinsic value of an act determines what is morally right or morally wrong. The intrinsic value always accompanies the act, for example, if A is intrinsic to B, then it is no accident that B exhibits A. In ethics, Kant tried to show that doing one’s duty consisted in following only those principles that one would accept as applying equally to all. Kant brought up that the consequences of our acts are not always in our control and things do not always turn out as we want. However, he believed that we can control our motives, and the motive to do what is right gives an act its moral worth. For actions to have moral worth, good will and good act in accordance with duty are required. Kant believed that the good will is the right motive. Good will is to will your maxim to be a universal law or universally valid and accepted. Having a right intention is to do what is right or what one believes to be right just because it is right. Kant believed that acts done from the motive of duty are the only ones with moral worth. For example, you borrow money from a friend, and your options, or maxims, are to either return the money, or not to return the money. To return money is of good will, and if you choose this to be your maxim, you are in accordance with duty. Not to return money, if put into a universal law, nobody ever returned the money, and everybody broke their promises, there would be no promises, and the act is not in accordance with duty. So the act of not returning the money has no moral worth and is morally wrong. There are two different types of imperatives, according to Kant, hypothetical imperative and categorical imperative. an imperative is simply a form of statement that tells us to do something.

Business resources M1 Essays

Business resources M1 Essays Business resources M1 Essay Business resources M1 Essay Asses how managing these resources can improve the performance of your selected organisation. Managing business resource is vital for any business if they are determined to do well. A business has two types of resources and by managing the business resource it can improve the performance of the business in many areas such as profit margins and market share. If Sainsbury use they staff in an appropriate manner and make use of all they skills and abilities then the business can gain high amount of output for instance high level of productivity, motivated and improve team working. The business can give the staff training to broaden the skills and abilities of the staff which will benefit the business has the staff will be multi-skilled and will be able to work in different areas so if there was a staff absent another staff can filled and do the job task required.. There is two kind of training that could be given to the staff one is one the job training and the other is off the job training. This will benefit the business as it will have staff who can do various task and might decide to save money by making some employees redundant. If Sainsbury manages its equipment appropriately use the equipment to it full capacity and strength then the business can gain good level of productivity from the machine. If the business uses it equipment appropriately it will improve the performance of the business for instance if the business use they tills appropriately it will help speed queue time, help them with level of stock and minimise errors for the employees.. Every year the equipment which business uses depreciate in value so the business needs to cover the cost of the equipment by using the equipment properly. If Sainsbury manages its building properly by using to its full capability and ability then the business will manage to decrease costs and by redeeming cost from the use of the building. For instance if the business has empty shelves in the building then the business will not be gaining any money from that space of the building and they are not using the equipment to its strength which means they are not recouping they cost. If Sainsbury manages its security properly then the business has the assurance of they stock and valuable in the business are safe and secure. This can be only done if the security cameras are checked regularly if they are working and if the alarms set on at the right time. If these are not checked then business risks losing they stock and valuables by little mistakes which could have been corrected. If Sainsbury manages it materials correctly then the business will manage to produce loads of goods with those materials and save cost. However if the business doesnt not use its materials appropriately then the business will risk wasting they materials increase in costs. So using the business materials appropriately then it would improve the performance of a business as it will reduce cost by using the materials correctly. If a business uses its safety materials appropriately by cleaning the building on a regular basis then it would attract customers and the customers would appreciate the environment. If Sainsbury manages its vehicles such as vans and trucks correctly then the business will manage to recoup the cost of those vehicles by using the vehicles to its capabilities. If Sainsbury for instance use their vans appropriately for home deliveries then the business might manage to increase sales through online shopping as customers would be content with the service. If Sainsbury for instance use they trucks properly then they will manage to maintain they stock level by having the deliveries on time. This will eventually have an impact in the performance of the business by improving the performance. If Sainsbury manages it products correctly then the business will manage to sell most of its product and gain profits from those products. However if the business doesnt manage its products appropriately then the business will risk wasting those products which will mean the business would have increase costs. So using the products owned by the business appropriately would improve the performance of a business as it will have high sales levels and gain high profit margins from those products.

Learn What a Dipole Is in Chemistry and Physics

Learn What a Dipole Is in Chemistry and Physics A dipole is a separation of opposite electrical charges. A dipole is quantified by its dipole moment  (ÃŽ ¼). A dipole moment is the distance between charges multiplied by the charge. The unit of the dipole moment is the Debye, where 1 Debye is 3.34Ãâ€"10−30  C  Ã‚ ·m. The dipole moment is a vector quantity that has both magnitude and direction. The direction of an electric dipole moment points from the negative charge toward the positive charge. The larger the difference in electronegativity, the greater the dipole moment. The distance separating  opposite electrical charges also affects the magnitude of the dipole moment. Types of Dipoles There are two types of dipoles electric dipoles and magnetic dipoles. An electric dipole occurs when positive and negative charges (like a proton and an electron or a cation and an anion) are separate from each other. Usually, the charges are separated by a small distance. Electric dipoles may be temporary or permanent. A permanent electric dipole is called an electret. A magnetic dipole occurs when there is a closed loop of electric current, such as a loop of wire with electricity running through it. Any moving electric charge also has an associated magnetic field. In the current loop, the direction of the magnetic dipole moment points through the loop using the right-hand grip rule. The magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment is the current of the loop multiplied by the area of the loop. Examples of Dipoles In chemistry, a dipole usually refers to the separation of charges within a molecule between two covalently bonded atoms  or atoms that share an ionic bond. For example, a water molecule (H2O) is a dipole. The oxygen side of the molecule carries a net negative charge, while the side with the two hydrogen atoms has a net positive electrical charge. The charges of a molecule, like water, are partial charges, meaning they dont add up to the 1 for a proton or electron. All polar molecules are dipoles. Even a linear nonpolar molecule like carbon dioxide (CO2) contains dipoles. There is a charge distribution across the molecule in which charge is separated between the oxygen and carbon atoms. Even a single electron has a magnetic dipole moment. An electron is a moving electrical charge, so it has a small current loop and generates a magnetic field. Although it may seem counter-intuitive, some scientists believe a single electron may also possess an electric dipole moment! A permanent magnet is magnetic because of the magnetic dipole moment of the electron. The dipole of a bar magnet points from its magnetic south to its magnetic north. The only known way to make magnetic dipoles is by forming current loops or via quantum mechanics spin. The Dipole Limit A dipole moment is defined by its dipole limit. Essentially this means the distance between charges converges to 0 while the strength of the charges diverges to infinity. The product of the charge strength and separating distance is a constant positive value. Dipole as an Antenna In physics, another definition of a dipole is an antenna that is a horizontal metal rod with a wire connected to its center.

E-commerce security and fraud protection Term Paper

E-commerce security and fraud protection - Term Paper Example E-commerce refers to the buying and selling of goods and services by via electronic platforms such as the Internet and other computer-based networks (Schneider, 2011). It has grown to be a necessary tool for efficiency in business. However, this platform has been faced with a myriad of challenges with Moftah, Abdullah and Hawedi (2012) indicating that the problems relate to consumers’ protection in their transactions which call for trust and privacy across the different geographical locations. Mohapatra (2013) argues that e-commerce transactions have been constrained by security, with consumers wary of the privacy of their personal information and the use of credit cards to make online purchases. The increased use of mobile devices has even further complicated security provision in e-commerce. Thus, a secured system would be needed to enhance e-commerce growth. E-commerce is online, thus accessible to the general public. The increase in cyber crime has also seen an increase in security threats in e-commerce. According to Mohapatra (2013), amounts reported globally, largely from frauds and hacking in e-commerce, stand at over $ 388 billion per year. As such, e-commerce has suffered the resultant liabilities, loss of trust and additional cost for clean-up. This calls for an effective security systems that would protect consumers and merchants from such losses. According to Schneider (2011), such a system would be pegged on a complex interaction of several database management systems, applications development platforms, network infrastructure and systems software. This encompasses preservation of integrity, confidentiality and availability of computer and data resources, referred to as the security triad. Further to this, there would be need for non-repudiation, access control and privacy. Access Control Approaches The first way in which e-com merce has been secured and protected against fraud is through access control. Physically, access control would involve the restriction of an unauthorized person into a building, property or room. In a similar manner, e-commerce has applied several technologies that control access to Internet resources, including authorization, authentication and audit (Farshchi, Gharib and Ziyaee, 2011). The model in this case entails the subjects, these being entities that could perform an action on the system, and objects, these being entities to which access needs to be controlled. Both of these should be taken as software entities as opposed to human users since a human user would only have an impact on the system through software entities on which they have control. First, user IDs, passwords, biometrics and tokens have been used to authenticate an individual. As observed by Mohapatra (2013), authentication involves what the user knows such as a password, what a user possesses such as a token o r what the user is, such as biometric characteristic. The user ID/password approach verifies a user against a set of ID and password. This has however been noted to be the least secure technique in e-commerce because of the threat of guessing, eavesdropping, external disclosure, host compromise and replay attacks (Schneider, 2011). Thus, user IDs and passwords could be combined with physical tokens, creating a multiple factor authentication so as to

Democratic Peace Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Democratic Peace Theory - Essay Example 5). In that context the democratic peace theory not only directly challenges the validity and efficacy of the alternate political systems, but also the existing accounts of international relations that lay emphasis on the concepts like the strategic common interests and balance of power machinations, while delving on the international relations between salient democratic powers (Newman & Rich 2004, p. 5). Democratic Peace Theory In a simplistic context, one could ascribe the democratic peace theory as a theory that upholds the fact that the democratic nations seldom engage in war with each other (Schraeder 2002, p. 17). There exist varied other terms aimed at explaining and grasping this theory like ‘inter-democracy non aggression hypothesis’ or ‘mutual democratic pacifism’. ... 17). The other hypothesis that is put forward in the support of the democratic peace theory is that the democratically elected leaders are conversant in resolving issues through negotiations, and hence they carry on with this attribute in their approach towards foreign relations (Schraeder 2002, p. 17). No wonder, there are many people who tend to deny or criticize the democratic peace theory. What is Democracy? To a great extent the validity and relevance of the democratic peace theory is dependent on as to how one tends to define or explain a democracy. Although there is no single paradigm that grasps a holistic definition of democracy, yet, experts have identified varied salient features that delineate an ideal democracy. On most important attribute of the democratic nations is that they do have a democratically elected constitutional form of government that is answerable to people. Besides, these constitutionally elected governments happen to be representative in their scope and nature, directly responsible to the public sentiments, beliefs and aspirations. A workable and pragmatic democracy is always subservient to the principle of the separation of powers, where the powers of the state are judiciously allocated between the varied pillars of democracy like the executive and the judiciary. All the worthwhile and true democracies do extend varied judicial and legal rights to their citizens, which are legally and ethically upheld by the constitution and the state. Last but not the least, democracies do believe in extending avenues for participation to varied sections and segments of the society. Hence, in the interest of practicality, while delving on the democratic peace theory; one does